3D Printing

Concepts

Printing Technologies

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

FDM is the most widely used 3D printing technology. It is an additive manufacturing process that builds an object layer by layer.

Digital Light Processing (DLP)

DLP uses Vat polymerization to create a 3D object. Typically, it uses a photopolymer resin which is then cured when exposed to a lilght source.

File Formats

STL

STL is the De Facto Standard. It is an old format and as a result, it is universally supported. STL stores 3d models geometry as polygons through the process of tessellation. Lots of 3D objects are shared using the STL format, including at Thingiverse.

Limitations of STL are:

it only works with a single material (and as a consequence, a single color).
Unique shapes such as a smooth surface are stored as polygons with flat edges.
The file format is also inefficient and bloated compared to newer formats.
The format also does not enforce that a surface is closed, requiring repairs to be made

Utilities that work with STL include: VIewSTL, GLC-Player, FreeCAD, Netfabb

OBJ

OBJ originally was used to share 3D graphic models and was later used as a printer file format. The format is open source. Geometry data includes its color, material, and textures. Geometry can be stored as tessellated polygons (like in STL), or with free-form curves / free-form surfaces to allow encoding curved geometry without losing fidelity.

Colors and texture information are stored in a separate Material Template Library (MTL) file.

Limitations with the OBJ format:

More complicated format; Fixing broken OBJ files is tricky
Data comes in pairs of files (OBJ and MTL)
Most CAD software can open, but is less widely supported overall

OBJ files can be found at TurboSquid, Free 3D, GCTrader, Archive3D, Clara, The Free 3D Models, and Oyonale.

AMF

AMF is a 3D printer file format designed by the ASTM. It is designed to address all the limitations with STL and add additional features such as color, materials, lattices, duplicates, orientation. Objects can be represented as triangular meshes like in STL but allows for curved surfaces. Multiple objects can also be placed in the same file the 'constellation' feature.

3MF

3MF is a 3D printer file format designed originally by Microsoft and later by the 3MF Consortium. It is an alternate to AMF.

3MF ensures that models have no cracks or overlapping triangles.

Software Tools

Slicers Overview

Name	Price	Open source?	Website
Ultimaker Cura	Free	Yes	https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura
Slic3r	Free	Yes	http://slic3r.org/
PrusaSlicer	Free	Yes	https://www.prusa3d.com/prusaslicer/
OctoPrint	Free	Yes	https://octoprint.org/
Repetier	Free	No	https://www.repetier.com/
KISSlicer	Paid ($35) with free option	No	http://kisslicer.com/
SelfCAD	Paid ($15/mo)	No	https://www.selfcad.com/
Simplify3D	Paid ($150)	No	https://www.simplify3d.com/

Ultimaker Cura

Cura can be integrated with OctoPi with the OctoPrint Connection Plugin. Install it from the Cura Marketplace. You can remotely control and see the 3D printer directly from Cura.

OctoPrint

OctoPrint provides a web interface to manage and control a 3D printer. It can be installed on a SBC such as a Raspberry Pi (also called OctoPi). This allows for the option to put any 3D printer somewhere remote, away from a normal desktop computer, and still be accessible via WiFi. A webcam can be attached and OctoPrint will allow video streaming from the webcam via the web interface.

Installing OctoPi on a Raspberry Pi is the same as any other raspberry pi images out there (dd the image to a SD card and boot). To configure WiFi, edit the WPA supplicant configuration file in /boot before first boot. Alternatively, edit /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf after the first boot. To add multiple access points, just add additional network blocks to the configuration file. An example is given below:

network={
    ssid="home-net1"
    psk="password"
    id_str="net1"
}

network={
    ssid="home-net2"
    psk="password"
    id_str="net2"
}

Printer

The printer that I currently am using is a Anycubic Mega S.

Materials

You may find more information and results of the different filament material's I've used at 3D Printing Filaments.

PLA

The hot end for PLA should be set to 190-220C. The bed should be between 55-70C. Cooling fans should be on.

	Too Hot	Too Cold
Hot End	Excessive stringing Cannot bridge, sags	Not adhering to the bed or other layers Extruder is skipping
Print Bed	Elephant's foot, causing first couple layers to melt	Prints aren't adhering

Note that different color filaments may have different print temperatures.

ABS

The hot end for ABS should be set to 210-250C. The bed should be between 80-110C. ABS should be cooled slowly to avoid warping and should be done inside an enclosure.

PETG

Hot end between 220-250C. Does not need a hot bed.

Configuration

Print speed should be between 40mm/s - 70mm/s. Faster prints may require a hotter extruder temperature to compensate for more materials going through. Printing too fast may result in the material not cooling fast enough by the cooling fan, resulting in uneven layers. Printing too slowly may cause a clog.

Tasks

Extruder Calibration

Extruder Calibration ensures that the extruder is extruding exactly what is asked of it. See https://mattshub.com/blog/2017/04/19/extruder-calibration. If the extruder is under or over extruding, this can be compensated by adjusting the flow rate.

To do this, mark the filament 120mm from where it enters the extruder, turn the printer on and send the following commands which will make the printer extrude 100mm.

M83
G1 E100

If the extruder extruded exactly 100mm, the remaining filament between the extruder and the marking should be 20mm. In my case, I got 26mm remaining. This means that when extruding 100mm, the extruder actually extruded 94mm instead, or 6.38% under extrusion.

Adjust the current extrusion , get the current steps/mm value from the M503 command. In my case, it is E384.00. Multiply this value by the difference (384.00 * 100/94 = 408.51).

> M503
Recv: echo:Steps per unit:
Recv: echo:  M92 X80.00 Y80.00 Z400.00 E384.00
Recv: echo:Maximum feedrates (mm/s):
Recv: echo:  M203 X500.00 Y500.00 Z8.00 E60.00
Recv: echo:Maximum Acceleration (mm/s2):
Recv: echo:  M201 X3000 Y2000 Z60 E10000
Recv: echo:Accelerations: P=printing, R=retract and T=travel
Recv: echo:  M204 P3000.00 R3000.00 T3000.00
...

Set the new value using M92 E408.51, then save to EEPROM with M500. Confirm value again with M503 after a power cycle. Redo the test above and verify that it has extruded exactly 100mm.

Finding the best print settings

Determining the best temperature and speed by test printing something starting at 60mm/s, 210C nozzle and 60C bed. Adjust each variable to find the best print possible.

Try printing a 2.5cm cube as a vase (no infill, a wall thickness of 0.5mm with 1 layer wall thickness, no top thickness) at 0.15mm layer height. Use a caliper to determine the actual thickness of the walls and then adjust the flow rate. For example, if the actual wall thickness was 0.45mm, increase the flow rate.

Determine the maximum overhang angle

Try printing a benchmark that tests overhangs such as https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:58218. Keep note of the print settings and adjust each variable to find the best print possible with your printer.

It might be useful to keep in mind the ambient temperature.

Troubleshooting

See these guides:

https://support.3dverkstan.se/article/23-a-visual-ultimaker-troubleshooting-guide

https://www.simplify3d.com/support/print-quality-troubleshooting/

Common Problems

Symptom	Fix
Layers appears to have holes or pits.	See Under Extrusion below.
Over extrusion	Lower the printer's flow rate. Ensure that extruder calibration is done. Ensure that filament diameter is correct in the slicer. Try lowering the print temperature.
Droopy Bridges	Reduce flow rate by 5% increments.....
Layer delamination	Calibrate flow rate. Increase flow rates by 5% increments
Zits or warts	Possibly due to over extrusion. If this happens on a complex surface (such as a round surface), it could be that the printer is stuttering while gcode is being buffered. This can be remedied by adjusting the maximum resolution, maximum deviation in Cura under 'Mesh Fixes' or by decimating the model prior to slicing.
Stringing	Primary fix is to use retraction to prevent filament from oozing out during travel. This should be enabled by default in Cura. Increase travel speed also results in less time for filament from oozing out during travel. Reduce temperature may help stop the filament from oozing out. Possibly inferior filament, try a different brand
Drooping Overhangs	Increase cooling. Slow down print speed to allow for more time for extruded material to cool. Reduce print temperature as much as possible without causing under extrusion. Bed temperature may play a part of the overhangs are close to the bed.
Under Extrusion	Ensure that the extruder is calibrated. Ensure the slicer has the right filament diameter set. Under extrusion can be caused by feeding material faster than the hot end can heat and extrude; reduce print speed or increase temperature. Check if the nozzle is clogged by manually feeding filament through a heated nozzle. It should come out straight and cleanly. Excessive resistance through the bowden tube, due to kinks in the tube or a tightly coiled filament (near the end of a roll). Ensure the roll of filament isn't tangled causing excessive resistance. Increase the flow rate.
Print materials not touching or adhereing	Possibly due to under extrusion. Nozzle size isn't a multiple of the requested wall size, which may result in a small gap between walls. (eg. asked for 1mm wall with a 0.4mm nozzle).

Glossary

In OcotoPrint:

The feed rate affects the speed of the print.
The flow rate affects how much material (in total) is to be extruded. This is also sometimes referred to as the extrusion multiplier.

Combing is a method a slicer uses to prevent stringing. The head moves inside the object first before traveling across a void. This helps by depositing any excess materials inside before travelling across.