IPA: Difference between revisions

From Leo's Notes
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The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.
The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.
If you want to practice IPA, use a transcription service to convert normal text into IPA such as https://tophonetics.com/


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
There are short and long vowels.
Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
ɔː (*) is British pronunciation. north is 'n-awe-th' knawth
ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/.
!Short
 
 
ɘ is called a ''schwa'' and has no jaw drop
!
!Front
!Front
!Central
!Central
Line 12: Line 17:
|-
|-
|Close
|Close
|ɪ k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
|i l'''e'''ast, th'''e''', ch'''ee'''se, ch'''ee'''k
|ʊ f'''oo'''t, c'''oo'''k
ɪ Engl'''i'''sh sh'''i'''p, k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
|
|ʊ p'''u'''ll b'''u'''ll, sh'''oo'''k, c'''oo'''k
ʊː m'''oo'''d f'''oo'''d
|u t'''o''', St'''u'''nde, '''U'''hr
uː b'''oo'''t, F'''u'''ß
|-
|-
|Mid
|Mid
|e, ɛ dr'''e'''ss m'''e'''rry
Central vowels
|eː w'''ay''', m'''ay'''
ɛ b'''e'''d, '''ai'''r
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
|ɒ l'''o'''t, '''o'''range, ne'''o'''n
ɜː c'''er'''tain, b'''ir'''d, b'''ur'''n
|ʌ th'''u'''mb '''u'''p, f'''u'''n, c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
ɔ '''o'''range, b'''o'''rn, sw'''o'''rd p'''aw''', (rounded of ʌ)
 
ɔː th'''ough'''t (RP), sh'''or'''e (RP)
|-
|-
|Open
|Open
|æ  tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
|æ  c'''a'''t, tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
|ʌ c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
aː '''a'''ye
|
 
|-
aː p'''a'''lm (RP), br'''a'''
!Long
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|b'''ea'''r
|ɜː  n'''ur'''se f'''ur'''ry
|
|-
|Mid
|eə  b'''ea'''r
|ɜː  n'''ur'''se f'''ur'''ry
|
|-
|Open
|
|
|
|ɑː  f'''a'''ther, br'''a''', st'''a'''rt
|ɒ th'''ough'''t (US, rhyme b'''o'''t), l'''o'''t, ne'''o'''n
|}
ɑ b'''o'''dy, m'''o'''del, h'''o'''t, st'''a'''rt (rounded version of ɒ)
Canadian/American English pronounces /ɔː/ and /ɒ/ the same. Eg. cot and caught.


Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
ɑː c'''ar'''d
|}Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
Line 57: Line 55:
|a
|a
|/beɪ/, bay. eɪər pl'''ayer'''
|/beɪ/, bay. eɪər pl'''ayer'''
|-
|ea
|
|hair
|-
|-
|aɪ
|aɪ
Line 65: Line 67:
|a-oy
|a-oy
|/bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər empl'''oyer'''
|/bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər empl'''oyer'''
helps with more of an O sound at the beginning.
|-
|-
|əʊ
|əʊ
|eau
|eau
|/bəʊ/, beau
|/bəʊ/, beau,
like oʊ but from farther back
|-
|-
|aʊ
|aʊ
|ow
|ow
|/baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour.
|/baʊ/, b'''ough''', b'''ow''' (verb). aʊər fl'''ou'''r. m'''ou'''th, l'''ou'''d
|-
|-
|oʊ
|oʊ
|oh
|oh
|g'''oa'''t, m'''o'''wer
|g'''oa'''t, m'''o'''wer, h'''o'''me
|-
|juː
|you
|y'''ou'''
|-
|ɪr
|ear
|n'''ear''', b'''eer''', d'''eer''', h'''ere'''
|-
|ɪə
|e aah
|d'''ear''' (RP)
|-
|ɜr
|
|squ'''are''', c'''are''', f'''air'''
|-
|ɑr
|
|p'''ar'''t, l'''ar'''ge, m'''ar'''velous, he'''ar'''th
|-
|ɔr
|
|n'''or'''th, f'''or''', w'''ar''', h'''or'''se, sh'''or'''t, '''or'''chid, sw'''ar'''m
|-
|aɪr
|
|f'''ire''', sapph'''ire''', liar, buyer
|-
|aʊr
|
|t'''ower''', h'''our''', fl'''ower''', c'''ower'''
|-
|ɔːr
|
|w'''ar'''
|}
|}
Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?
Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?
Line 82: Line 122:
|+
|+
!Word
!Word
!British
!RP
!North American
!General American
|-
|-
|near
|near
Line 113: Line 153:
!
!
|-
|-
|b
|b v
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|
|
|-
|-
|d
|d v
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|dʒ
|dʒ v
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|g
|g v
|guy, bag
|guy, bag
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|j
|j v
|yes, hallelujah
|yes, hallelujah
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|l
|l v
|lie, sly, gal
|lie, sly, gal
|
|
|-
|-
|
|lj v
|
|
|-
|lj
|lute
|lute
|
|
|-
|-
|m
|m v
|my, smile, cam
|my, smile, cam
|
|
|-
|-
|n
|n v
|nigh, snide, can
|nigh, snide, can
|
|
|-
|-
|nj
|nj v
|new
|new
|
|
|-
|-
|ŋ
|ŋ v
|sang, sink, singer
|sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er, so'''ng'''
|
|
|-
|-
|p
|p
|pie, spy, cap
|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''
|
|
|-
|-
|r
|r v
|rye, try, very
|'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|ʃ
|ʃ
|shy, cash, emotion
|'''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|tʃ
|tʃ
|china, catch
|'''ch'''ina, cat'''ch''', '''ch'''air
|
|
|-
|-
|ð
|ð v
|thy, breathe, father
|'''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
ð is the voiced version of θ
|
|
|-
|-
|θ
|θ
|thigh, math
|'''th'''igh, ma'''th'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
|v
|v  v
|vine, leave
|'''v'''ine /vaɪn/, lea'''v'''e, o'''f''' /ʌv/
|
|
|-
|-
|w
|w v
|wine, swine
|wine, swine
|
|
|-
|-
|z
|z v
|zoo, has
|zoo, has
|
|
|-
|-
|zj
|zj v
|Zeus
|Zeus
|
|
|-
|-
|ʒ
|ʒ v
|pleasure, beige
|pleasure, beige
|
|
|}
|}<br />
 
==Common Mistakes==
== Common Mistakes ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Word
!Word
!IPA
!IPA
!Incorrect
!Incorrect and comment
|-
|-
|mischievous
|mischievous
Line 261: Line 297:
|/'traɪ'æθ a:lɒn/ (tri-ath-a-lon), with an extra syllable.
|/'traɪ'æθ a:lɒn/ (tri-ath-a-lon), with an extra syllable.
|-
|-
|
|draught
|
|/'dræft/
|
|/'drɔ:t/ or /'draʊt/ (drawt). augh here is like an 'af'.
|-
|worcestershire
|/'wʊstɘrʃɘr/
|the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
|-
|hearth
|/'hɑrθ/
|/'hɜrθ/ like 'h' + 'earth'.  Should sound like the first half of harp.
|}
|}
==Accents==
British greets with "hello love"
===Received Pronunciation===
Sound like a rich posh English person on the BBC.
*bath and path has an extra long 'a'.  baah-th , paah-th.
*-ile endings are pronounced unlike North American. Eg. missile, fertile.
*'r' sounds become 'a' like sounds; must be separated if not, and smoothed if it cannot be separated (-ire, -our)
**ɪr becomes ɪə. beer, bee-ah.  sincere, sincere-ah
**ɜr becomes ɜə. care, caye-ah, fair, faye-ah.
**ɑr becomes ɑː (super long a). part, paah-t.
**ɒr needs to be separated. Awe: Orange (Or-range, awe-range). porridge (pour-ridge, pawe-ridge). or All: Dorothy (dor-rithy, dall-rithy), historical (his-tor-rical, his-tall-rical).
===Cockney / Estuary===
*th becomes f.  three, free.
*'l' becomes aw or w. milk, mil-ale-k.  mail mawl..sdjf
*'h' gets dropped. harry, 'arry. have, 'ave.
*t is a glottal stop. computer, compu'er.
*wales is 'wows'.
===Midland / Northern===
*cup of tea. cup becomes kuh-p .
*mug muh-g.
*up, uh-p
*love, luuv
===Scottish===
http://jackytappet.tripod.com/scots.htm
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Latest revision as of 01:05, 30 December 2021

The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.

If you want to practice IPA, use a transcription service to convert normal text into IPA such as https://tophonetics.com/

Vowels

Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.

ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/. ɘ is called a schwa and has no jaw drop
Front Central Back
Close i least, the, cheese, cheek

ɪ English ship, kit, mirror, edition

ʊ pull bull, shook, cook

ʊː mood food

u to, Stunde, Uhr

uː boot, Fuß

Mid

Central vowels

eː way, may

ɛ bed, air

ə ago, sofa

ɜː certain, bird, burn

ʌ thumb up, fun, curry, un-prefix

ɔ orange, born, sword paw, (rounded of ʌ)

ɔː thought (RP), shore (RP)

Open æ cat, trap, tattoo, ambition

aː aye

aː palm (RP), bra

ɒ thought (US, rhyme bot), lot, neon

ɑ body, model, hot, start (rounded version of ɒ)

ɑː card

Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.

eɪ a /beɪ/, bay. eɪər player
ea hair
aɪ i /baɪ/, buy. pie. aɪər, hire, aɪ.ər, higher
ɔɪ a-oy /bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər employer

helps with more of an O sound at the beginning.

əʊ eau /bəʊ/, beau,

like oʊ but from farther back

aʊ ow /baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour. mouth, loud
oʊ oh goat, mower, home
juː you you
ɪr ear near, beer, deer, here
ɪə e aah dear (RP)
ɜr square, care, fair
ɑr part, large, marvelous, hearth
ɔr north, for, war, horse, short, orchid, swarm
aɪr fire, sapphire, liar, buyer
aʊr tower, hour, flower, cower
ɔːr war

Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?

Word RP General American
near /ˈnɪər/ ne-ar /'nʊər/ neer
cure /ˈkjʊər/ cue-er /'kjuːr/ queuer
square /ˈskwɛər/ /ˈskwiːr/
caught /'kɔːt/ /'kɒt'/


Consonants

IPA Eample
b v buy, cab
d v dye, cad, ladder
dj dew
dʒ v giant, badge, joy
f fan, leaf
g v guy, bag
h high, ahead
hw whine
j v yes, hallelujah
k sky, crack
l v lie, sly, gal
lj v lute
m v my, smile, cam
n v nigh, snide, can
nj v new
ŋ v sang, sink, singer, song
p pie, spy, cap
r v rye, try, very
s sigh, mass
sj consume
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, latter
tj tune
tʃ china, catch, chair
ð v thy, breathe, father

ð is the voiced version of θ

θ thigh, math
θj enthuse
v v vine /vaɪn/, leave, of /ʌv/
w v wine, swine
z v zoo, has
zj v Zeus
ʒ v pleasure, beige


Common Mistakes

Word IPA Incorrect and comment
mischievous /'mɪs tʃə vəs/ /'mɪs tʃe ve ʌs/ (mis-che-vi-ous) with an extra syllable.
triathlon /'traɪ'æθ lɒn/ /'traɪ'æθ a:lɒn/ (tri-ath-a-lon), with an extra syllable.
draught /'dræft/ /'drɔ:t/ or /'draʊt/ (drawt). augh here is like an 'af'.
worcestershire /'wʊstɘrʃɘr/ the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
hearth /'hɑrθ/ /'hɜrθ/ like 'h' + 'earth'. Should sound like the first half of harp.

Accents

British greets with "hello love"

Received Pronunciation

Sound like a rich posh English person on the BBC.

  • bath and path has an extra long 'a'. baah-th , paah-th.
  • -ile endings are pronounced unlike North American. Eg. missile, fertile.
  • 'r' sounds become 'a' like sounds; must be separated if not, and smoothed if it cannot be separated (-ire, -our)
    • ɪr becomes ɪə. beer, bee-ah. sincere, sincere-ah
    • ɜr becomes ɜə. care, caye-ah, fair, faye-ah.
    • ɑr becomes ɑː (super long a). part, paah-t.
    • ɒr needs to be separated. Awe: Orange (Or-range, awe-range). porridge (pour-ridge, pawe-ridge). or All: Dorothy (dor-rithy, dall-rithy), historical (his-tor-rical, his-tall-rical).

Cockney / Estuary

  • th becomes f. three, free.
  • 'l' becomes aw or w. milk, mil-ale-k. mail mawl..sdjf
  • 'h' gets dropped. harry, 'arry. have, 'ave.
  • t is a glottal stop. computer, compu'er.
  • wales is 'wows'.

Midland / Northern

  • cup of tea. cup becomes kuh-p .
  • mug muh-g.
  • up, uh-p
  • love, luuv

Scottish

http://jackytappet.tripod.com/scots.htm


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