IPA: Difference between revisions

From Leo's Notes
This page was last edited on 30 December 2021, at 01:05.
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
m Added categories and navbox
 
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.
The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.
If you want to practice IPA, use a transcription service to convert normal text into IPA such as https://tophonetics.com/


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
There are short and long vowels.
Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
ɔː (*) is British pronunciation. north is 'n-awe-th' knawth. North American English pronounces this as /ɒ/.  Eg. cot and caught.
ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/.


ɘ has no jaw drop. called a 'schwa'
 
ɘ is called a ''schwa'' and has no jaw drop
!
!
!Front
!Front
Line 14: Line 17:
|-
|-
|Close
|Close
|ɪ Engl'''i'''sh sh'''i'''p, k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
|i l'''e'''ast, th'''e''', ch'''ee'''se, ch'''ee'''k
ɪː ch'''ee'''se, ch'''ee'''k
ɪ Engl'''i'''sh sh'''i'''p, k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
|ʊ p'''u'''ll b'''u'''ll, f'''oo'''t, c'''oo'''k
|ʊ p'''u'''ll b'''u'''ll, sh'''oo'''k, c'''oo'''k
ʊː m'''oo'''d f'''oo'''d
ʊː m'''oo'''d f'''oo'''d
|
|u t'''o''', St'''u'''nde, '''U'''hr
uː b'''oo'''t, F'''u'''ß
|-
|-
|Mid
|Mid
|e w'''e'''t p'''e'''t
Central vowels
|eː w'''ay''', m'''ay'''
ɛ b'''e'''d, '''ai'''r
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
ɜː c'''er'''tain, b'''ir'''d, b'''ur'''n
ɜː c'''er'''tain, b'''ir'''d, b'''ur'''n
|ɔː b'''or'''n sw'''or'''d
|ʌ th'''u'''mb '''u'''p, f'''u'''n, c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
ɔ '''o'''range, b'''o'''rn, sw'''o'''rd p'''aw''', (rounded of ʌ)
 
ɔː th'''ough'''t (RP), sh'''or'''e (RP)
|-
|-
|Open
|Open
|æ  c'''a'''t, tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
|æ  c'''a'''t, tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
aː say ''''ahh'''<nowiki/>'
aː '''a'''ye
|ʌ th'''u'''mb '''u'''p, c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
 
|ɒ b'''o'''dy, l'''o'''t, '''o'''range, ne'''o'''n
aː p'''a'''lm (RP), br'''a'''
|
|ɒ th'''ough'''t (US, rhyme b'''o'''t), l'''o'''t, ne'''o'''n
ɑ b'''o'''dy, m'''o'''del, h'''o'''t, st'''a'''rt (rounded version of ɒ)
 
ɑː c'''ar'''d
|}Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
|}Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 41: Line 55:
|a
|a
|/beɪ/, bay. eɪər pl'''ayer'''
|/beɪ/, bay. eɪər pl'''ayer'''
|-
|ea
|
|hair
|-
|-
|aɪ
|aɪ
Line 49: Line 67:
|a-oy
|a-oy
|/bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər empl'''oyer'''
|/bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər empl'''oyer'''
helps with more of an O sound at the beginning.
|-
|-
|əʊ
|əʊ
|eau
|eau
|/bəʊ/, beau
|/bəʊ/, beau,
like oʊ but from farther back
|-
|-
|aʊ
|aʊ
|ow
|ow
|/baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour.
|/baʊ/, b'''ough''', b'''ow''' (verb). aʊər fl'''ou'''r. m'''ou'''th, l'''ou'''d
|-
|-
|oʊ
|oʊ
|oh
|oh
|g'''oa'''t, m'''o'''wer
|g'''oa'''t, m'''o'''wer, h'''o'''me
|-
|juː
|you
|y'''ou'''
|-
|ɪr
|ear
|n'''ear''', b'''eer''', d'''eer''', h'''ere'''
|-
|ɪə
|e aah
|d'''ear''' (RP)
|-
|ɜr
|
|squ'''are''', c'''are''', f'''air'''
|-
|ɑr
|
|p'''ar'''t, l'''ar'''ge, m'''ar'''velous, he'''ar'''th
|-
|ɔr
|
|n'''or'''th, f'''or''', w'''ar''', h'''or'''se, sh'''or'''t, '''or'''chid, sw'''ar'''m
|-
|aɪr
|
|f'''ire''', sapph'''ire''', liar, buyer
|-
|aʊr
|
|t'''ower''', h'''our''', fl'''ower''', c'''ower'''
|-
|ɔːr
|
|w'''ar'''
|}
|}
Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?
Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?
Line 66: Line 122:
|+
|+
!Word
!Word
!British
!RP
!North American
!General American
|-
|-
|near
|near
Line 97: Line 153:
!
!
|-
|-
|b
|b v
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|
|
|-
|-
|d
|d v
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|
|
Line 109: Line 165:
|
|
|-
|-
|dʒ
|dʒ v
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|
|
Line 117: Line 173:
|
|
|-
|-
|g
|g v
|guy, bag
|guy, bag
|
|
Line 129: Line 185:
|
|
|-
|-
|j
|j v
|yes, hallelujah
|yes, hallelujah
|
|
Line 137: Line 193:
|
|
|-
|-
|l
|l v
|lie, sly, gal
|lie, sly, gal
|
|
|-
|-
|
|lj v
|
|
|-
|lj
|lute
|lute
|
|
|-
|-
|m
|m v
|my, smile, cam
|my, smile, cam
|
|
|-
|-
|n
|n v
|nigh, snide, can
|nigh, snide, can
|
|
|-
|-
|nj
|nj v
|new
|new
|
|
|-
|-
|ŋ
|ŋ v
|sang, sink, singer
|sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er, so'''ng'''
|
|
|-
|-
|p
|p
|pie, spy, cap
|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''
|
|
|-
|-
|r
|r v
|rye, try, very
|'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|
|
|-
|-
Line 182: Line 234:
|-
|-
|ʃ
|ʃ
|shy, cash, emotion
|'''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|
|
|-
|-
Line 194: Line 246:
|-
|-
|tʃ
|tʃ
|china, catch
|'''ch'''ina, cat'''ch''', '''ch'''air
|
|
|-
|-
|ð
|ð v
|thy, breathe, father
|'''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
ð is the voiced version of θ
|
|
|-
|-
|θ
|θ
|thigh, math
|'''th'''igh, ma'''th'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 209: Line 262:
|
|
|-
|-
|v
|v  v
|vine, leave
|'''v'''ine /vaɪn/, lea'''v'''e, o'''f''' /ʌv/
|
|
|-
|-
|w
|w v
|wine, swine
|wine, swine
|
|
|-
|-
|z
|z v
|zoo, has
|zoo, has
|
|
|-
|-
|zj
|zj v
|Zeus
|Zeus
|
|
|-
|-
|ʒ
|ʒ v
|pleasure, beige
|pleasure, beige
|
|
|}
|}<br />
 
==Common Mistakes==
==Common Mistakes==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 252: Line 304:
|/'wʊstɘrʃɘr/
|/'wʊstɘrʃɘr/
|the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
|the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
|-
|hearth
|/'hɑrθ/
|/'hɜrθ/ like 'h' + 'earth'.  Should sound like the first half of harp.
|}
|}
==Accents==
British greets with "hello love"
===Received Pronunciation===
Sound like a rich posh English person on the BBC.
*bath and path has an extra long 'a'.  baah-th , paah-th.
*-ile endings are pronounced unlike North American. Eg. missile, fertile.
*'r' sounds become 'a' like sounds; must be separated if not, and smoothed if it cannot be separated (-ire, -our)
**ɪr becomes ɪə. beer, bee-ah.  sincere, sincere-ah
**ɜr becomes ɜə. care, caye-ah, fair, faye-ah.
**ɑr becomes ɑː (super long a). part, paah-t.
**ɒr needs to be separated. Awe: Orange (Or-range, awe-range). porridge (pour-ridge, pawe-ridge). or All: Dorothy (dor-rithy, dall-rithy), historical (his-tor-rical, his-tall-rical).
===Cockney / Estuary===
*th becomes f.  three, free.
*'l' becomes aw or w. milk, mil-ale-k.  mail mawl..sdjf
*'h' gets dropped. harry, 'arry. have, 'ave.
*t is a glottal stop. computer, compu'er.
*wales is 'wows'.
===Midland / Northern===
*cup of tea. cup becomes kuh-p .
*mug muh-g.
*up, uh-p
*love, luuv
===Scottish===
http://jackytappet.tripod.com/scots.htm
{{Navbox Language}}
[[Category:Language]]

Latest revision as of 01:05, 30 December 2021

The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.

If you want to practice IPA, use a transcription service to convert normal text into IPA such as https://tophonetics.com/

Vowels

Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.

ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/. ɘ is called a schwa and has no jaw drop
Front Central Back
Close i least, the, cheese, cheek

ɪ English ship, kit, mirror, edition

ʊ pull bull, shook, cook

ʊː mood food

u to, Stunde, Uhr

uː boot, Fuß

Mid

Central vowels

eː way, may

ɛ bed, air

ə ago, sofa

ɜː certain, bird, burn

ʌ thumb up, fun, curry, un-prefix

ɔ orange, born, sword paw, (rounded of ʌ)

ɔː thought (RP), shore (RP)

Open æ cat, trap, tattoo, ambition

aː aye

aː palm (RP), bra

ɒ thought (US, rhyme bot), lot, neon

ɑ body, model, hot, start (rounded version of ɒ)

ɑː card

Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.

eɪ a /beɪ/, bay. eɪər player
ea hair
aɪ i /baɪ/, buy. pie. aɪər, hire, aɪ.ər, higher
ɔɪ a-oy /bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər employer

helps with more of an O sound at the beginning.

əʊ eau /bəʊ/, beau,

like oʊ but from farther back

aʊ ow /baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour. mouth, loud
oʊ oh goat, mower, home
juː you you
ɪr ear near, beer, deer, here
ɪə e aah dear (RP)
ɜr square, care, fair
ɑr part, large, marvelous, hearth
ɔr north, for, war, horse, short, orchid, swarm
aɪr fire, sapphire, liar, buyer
aʊr tower, hour, flower, cower
ɔːr war

Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?

Word RP General American
near /ˈnɪər/ ne-ar /'nʊər/ neer
cure /ˈkjʊər/ cue-er /'kjuːr/ queuer
square /ˈskwɛər/ /ˈskwiːr/
caught /'kɔːt/ /'kɒt'/


Consonants

IPA Eample
b v buy, cab
d v dye, cad, ladder
dj dew
dʒ v giant, badge, joy
f fan, leaf
g v guy, bag
h high, ahead
hw whine
j v yes, hallelujah
k sky, crack
l v lie, sly, gal
lj v lute
m v my, smile, cam
n v nigh, snide, can
nj v new
ŋ v sang, sink, singer, song
p pie, spy, cap
r v rye, try, very
s sigh, mass
sj consume
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, latter
tj tune
tʃ china, catch, chair
ð v thy, breathe, father

ð is the voiced version of θ

θ thigh, math
θj enthuse
v v vine /vaɪn/, leave, of /ʌv/
w v wine, swine
z v zoo, has
zj v Zeus
ʒ v pleasure, beige


Common Mistakes

Word IPA Incorrect and comment
mischievous /'mɪs tʃə vəs/ /'mɪs tʃe ve ʌs/ (mis-che-vi-ous) with an extra syllable.
triathlon /'traɪ'æθ lɒn/ /'traɪ'æθ a:lɒn/ (tri-ath-a-lon), with an extra syllable.
draught /'dræft/ /'drɔ:t/ or /'draʊt/ (drawt). augh here is like an 'af'.
worcestershire /'wʊstɘrʃɘr/ the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
hearth /'hɑrθ/ /'hɜrθ/ like 'h' + 'earth'. Should sound like the first half of harp.

Accents

British greets with "hello love"

Received Pronunciation

Sound like a rich posh English person on the BBC.

  • bath and path has an extra long 'a'. baah-th , paah-th.
  • -ile endings are pronounced unlike North American. Eg. missile, fertile.
  • 'r' sounds become 'a' like sounds; must be separated if not, and smoothed if it cannot be separated (-ire, -our)
    • ɪr becomes ɪə. beer, bee-ah. sincere, sincere-ah
    • ɜr becomes ɜə. care, caye-ah, fair, faye-ah.
    • ɑr becomes ɑː (super long a). part, paah-t.
    • ɒr needs to be separated. Awe: Orange (Or-range, awe-range). porridge (pour-ridge, pawe-ridge). or All: Dorothy (dor-rithy, dall-rithy), historical (his-tor-rical, his-tall-rical).

Cockney / Estuary

  • th becomes f. three, free.
  • 'l' becomes aw or w. milk, mil-ale-k. mail mawl..sdjf
  • 'h' gets dropped. harry, 'arry. have, 'ave.
  • t is a glottal stop. computer, compu'er.
  • wales is 'wows'.

Midland / Northern

  • cup of tea. cup becomes kuh-p .
  • mug muh-g.
  • up, uh-p
  • love, luuv

Scottish

http://jackytappet.tripod.com/scots.htm


Language studies related