IPA: Difference between revisions

From Leo's Notes
This page was last edited on 24 May 2020, at 04:11.
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==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Vowels with words as I would say them.
Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
ɔː (*) is British pronunciation. north is 'n-awe-th' knawth. North American English pronounces this as /ɒ/.  Eg. cot and caught.
ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/.


ɘ has no jaw drop. called a 'schwa'
ɘ is called a ''schwa'' and has no jaw drop
!
!
!Front
!Front
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|-
|-
|Close
|Close
|i l'''e'''ast, th'''e'''
|i l'''e'''ast, th'''e''', ch'''ee'''se, ch'''ee'''k
ɪ Engl'''i'''sh sh'''i'''p, k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
ɪ Engl'''i'''sh sh'''i'''p, k'''i'''t, m'''i'''rror, '''e'''dition
ɪː ch'''ee'''se, ch'''ee'''k
|ʊ p'''u'''ll b'''u'''ll, sh'''oo'''k, c'''oo'''k
|ʊ p'''u'''ll b'''u'''ll, f'''oo'''t, c'''oo'''k
ʊː m'''oo'''d f'''oo'''d
ʊː m'''oo'''d f'''oo'''d
|
|u t'''o''', St'''u'''nde, '''U'''hr
|-
|-
|Mid
|Mid
Central vowels
Central vowels
|e w'''e'''t p'''e'''t
|eː w'''ay''', m'''ay'''
ɛ b'''e'''d, '''ai'''r
ɛ b'''e'''d, '''ai'''r
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
|ə '''a'''go, sof'''a'''
ɜː c'''er'''tain, b'''ir'''d, b'''ur'''n
ɜː c'''er'''tain, b'''ir'''d, b'''ur'''n
|ʌ th'''u'''mb '''u'''p, c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
|ʌ th'''u'''mb '''u'''p, f'''u'''n, c'''u'''rry, '''u'''n-prefix
ɔː b'''or'''n sw'''or'''d p'''aw''', (rounded of ʌ)
ɔ b'''o'''rn sw'''o'''rd p'''aw''', (rounded of ʌ)
 
ɔː th'''ough'''t, sh'''or'''e (RP)
|-
|-
|Open
|Open
|æ  c'''a'''t, tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
|æ  c'''a'''t, tr'''a'''p, t'''a'''ttoo, '''a'''mbition
aː h'''a'''t
aː h'''a'''t, p'''a'''n
|
|
|ɒ b'''o'''dy, l'''o'''t, '''o'''range, ne'''o'''n
|ɒ b'''o'''dy, l'''o'''t, '''o'''range, ne'''o'''n
ɑ h'''o'''t, m'''o'''del (rounded version of ɒ)
ɑ m'''o'''del, h'''o'''t (rounded version of ɒ)
 
ɑː c'''ar'''d
|}Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
|}Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|aʊ
|aʊ
|ow
|ow
|/baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour. mouth
|/baʊ/, b'''ough''', b'''ow''' (verb). aʊər fl'''ou'''r. m'''ou'''th, l'''ou'''d
|-
|-
|oʊ
|oʊ
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|ear
|ear
|n'''ear''', b'''eer''', d'''eer''', h'''ere'''
|n'''ear''', b'''eer''', d'''eer''', h'''ere'''
|-
|ɪə
|e aah
|d'''ear''' (RP)
|-
|-
|ɜr
|ɜr
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|+
|+
!Word
!Word
!British
!RP
!North American
!General American
|-
|-
|near
|near
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!
!
|-
|-
|b
|b v
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|'''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|
|
|-
|-
|d
|d v
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|'''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|dʒ
|dʒ v
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|'''g'''iant, bad'''ge''', '''j'''oy
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|g
|g v
|guy, bag
|guy, bag
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|j
|j v
|yes, hallelujah
|yes, hallelujah
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|l
|l v
|lie, sly, gal
|lie, sly, gal
|
|
|-
|-
|lj
|lj v
|lute
|lute
|
|
|-
|-
|m
|m v
|my, smile, cam
|my, smile, cam
|
|
|-
|-
|n
|n v
|nigh, snide, can
|nigh, snide, can
|
|
|-
|-
|nj
|nj v
|new
|new
|
|
|-
|-
|ŋ
|ŋ v
|sang, sink, singer
|sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er, so'''ng'''
|
|
|-
|-
|p
|p
|pie, spy, cap
|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''
|
|
|-
|-
|r
|r v
|rye, try, very
|'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|ʃ
|ʃ
|shy, cash, emotion
|'''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|tʃ
|tʃ
|china, catch, chair
|'''ch'''ina, cat'''ch''', '''ch'''air
|
|
|-
|-
|ð
|ð v
|thy, breathe, father
|'''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
ð is the voiced version of θ
ð is the voiced version of θ
|
|
|-
|-
|θ
|θ
|thigh, math
|'''th'''igh, ma'''th'''
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
|v
|v  v
|'''v'''ine /vaɪn/, lea'''v'''e, o'''f''' /ʌv/
|'''v'''ine /vaɪn/, lea'''v'''e, o'''f''' /ʌv/
|
|
|-
|-
|w
|w v
|wine, swine
|wine, swine
|
|
|-
|-
|z
|z v
|zoo, has
|zoo, has
|
|
|-
|-
|zj
|zj v
|Zeus
|Zeus
|
|
|-
|-
|ʒ
|ʒ v
|pleasure, beige
|pleasure, beige
|
|

Revision as of 04:11, 24 May 2020

The IPA English help page on Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English is a great resource on IPA pronunciation. he notes here is based off that but with notes targeted to how I speak.

If you want to practice IPA, use a transcription service to convert normal text into IPA such as https://tophonetics.com/

Vowels

Vowels with words as I would say them. All vowels are voiced.

ɔː is used in RP. Eg. not /nɔt/ rhyming with ought while General American English pronounces this as /nɒt/. ɘ is called a schwa and has no jaw drop
Front Central Back
Close i least, the, cheese, cheek

ɪ English ship, kit, mirror, edition

ʊ pull bull, shook, cook

ʊː mood food

u to, Stunde, Uhr
Mid

Central vowels

eː way, may

ɛ bed, air

ə ago, sofa

ɜː certain, bird, burn

ʌ thumb up, fun, curry, un-prefix

ɔ born sword paw, (rounded of ʌ)

ɔː thought, shore (RP)

Open æ cat, trap, tattoo, ambition

aː hat, pan

ɒ body, lot, orange, neon

ɑ model, hot (rounded version of ɒ)

ɑː card

Some vowels are combined, called diphthongs or triphthongs.

eɪ a /beɪ/, bay. eɪər player
ea hair
aɪ i /baɪ/, buy. pie. aɪər, hire, aɪ.ər, higher
ɔɪ a-oy /bɔɪ/, boy. ɔɪ.ər employer

helps with more of an O sound at the beginning.

əʊ eau /bəʊ/, beau,

like oʊ but from farther back

aʊ ow /baʊ/, bough, bow (verb). aʊər flour. mouth, loud
oʊ oh goat, mower, home
juː you you
ɪr ear near, beer, deer, here
ɪə e aah dear (RP)
ɜr square, care, fair
ɑr part, large, marvelous, hearth
ɔr north, for, war, horse, short, orchid, swarm
aɪr fire, sapphire, liar, buyer
aʊr tower, hour, flower, cower
ɔːr war

Some subtleties between British and North American pronunciations are given in the table below. 'r's before vowels are hard?

Word RP General American
near /ˈnɪər/ ne-ar /'nʊər/ neer
cure /ˈkjʊər/ cue-er /'kjuːr/ queuer
square /ˈskwɛər/ /ˈskwiːr/
caught /'kɔːt/ /'kɒt'/


Consonants

IPA Eample
b v buy, cab
d v dye, cad, ladder
dj dew
dʒ v giant, badge, joy
f fan, leaf
g v guy, bag
h high, ahead
hw whine
j v yes, hallelujah
k sky, crack
l v lie, sly, gal
lj v lute
m v my, smile, cam
n v nigh, snide, can
nj v new
ŋ v sang, sink, singer, song
p pie, spy, cap
r v rye, try, very
s sigh, mass
sj consume
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, latter
tj tune
tʃ china, catch, chair
ð v thy, breathe, father

ð is the voiced version of θ

θ thigh, math
θj enthuse
v v vine /vaɪn/, leave, of /ʌv/
w v wine, swine
z v zoo, has
zj v Zeus
ʒ v pleasure, beige


Common Mistakes

Word IPA Incorrect and comment
mischievous /'mɪs tʃə vəs/ /'mɪs tʃe ve ʌs/ (mis-che-vi-ous) with an extra syllable.
triathlon /'traɪ'æθ lɒn/ /'traɪ'æθ a:lɒn/ (tri-ath-a-lon), with an extra syllable.
draught /'dræft/ /'drɔ:t/ or /'draʊt/ (drawt). augh here is like an 'af'.
worcestershire /'wʊstɘrʃɘr/ the first 'r' is dropped. 'shire' is like in New Hampshire and sounds like 'sure'.
hearth /'hɑrθ/ /'hɜrθ/ like 'h' + 'earth'. Should sound like the first half of harp.

Accents

British greets with "hello love"

Received Pronunciation

Sound like a rich posh English person on the BBC.

  • bath and path has an extra long 'a'. baah-th , paah-th.
  • -ile endings are pronounced unlike North American. Eg. missile, fertile.
  • 'r' sounds become 'a' like sounds; must be separated if not, and smoothed if it cannot be separated (-ire, -our)
    • ɪr becomes ɪə. beer, bee-ah. sincere, sincere-ah
    • ɜr becomes ɜə. care, caye-ah, fair, faye-ah.
    • ɑr becomes ɑː (super long a). part, paah-t.
    • ɒr needs to be separated. Awe: Orange (Or-range, awe-range). porridge (pour-ridge, pawe-ridge). or All: Dorothy (dor-rithy, dall-rithy), historical (his-tor-rical, his-tall-rical).

Cockney / Estuary

  • th becomes f. three, free.
  • 'l' becomes aw or w. milk, mil-ale-k. mail mawl..sdjf
  • 'h' gets dropped. harry, 'arry. have, 'ave.
  • t is a glottal stop. computer, compu'er.
  • wales is 'wows'.

Midland / Northern

  • cup of tea. cup becomes kuh-p .
  • mug muh-g.
  • up, uh-p
  • love, luuv

Scottish

http://jackytappet.tripod.com/scots.htm