English Grammar - Revision history

Leo: Added categories and navbox

2021-12-30T01:05:23Z

Added categories and navbox

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:05, 30 December 2021
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	*https://developers.google.com/tech-writing/one		*https://developers.google.com/tech-writing/one
			{{Navbox Language}}
			[[Category:Language]]

Leo: /* Tense */

2020-11-16T07:13:08Z

Tense

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:13, 16 November 2020
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	''I will have been talking.''		''I will have been talking.''
	\|}		\|}
	There are grammatical aspects between the '''progressive and continuous'''. English does not distinguish the two and is generally used interchangeably but there can be a slight shade of difference in meaning which a careful writer can use. In general, progressive implies the action is in progress at the moment whereas continuous is the action that has started previously and is currently ongoing. In Cantonese, progressive uses 緊 (~~gun~~) while continuous uses 住 (~~jaw~~). One implies the action is still ~~on going~~, whilst the other implies ~~it has been done and~~ is ~~the current state~~.		There are grammatical aspects between the '''progressive and continuous'''. English does not distinguish the two and is generally used interchangeably but there can be a slight shade of difference in meaning which a careful writer can use. In general, progressive implies the action is in progress at the moment whereas continuous is the action that has started previously and is currently ongoing. In Cantonese, progressive uses 緊 like 做緊 (jouh gán, doing) while continuous uses 住 like 揸住 (jah jyu, holding) or 著住 (jurt jyu, wearing). One implies the action is still in progress but incomplete, whilst the other implies the action is still on-going but could eventually change. (See: https://cantolounge.com/present-tense-cantonese/#Words_that_indicate_continuous_or_progressive_states)

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Leo: /* Tense */

2020-11-16T01:04:49Z

Tense

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:04, 16 November 2020
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
	!Simple		! style="width:45%" \| Simple
	!Perfect		! style="width:45%" \| Perfect
	\|-		\|-
	\|Present		!Present
	\|Action happening now.		\|Action happening now.
	''I talk.''		''I talk.''
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	''I have talked.''		''I have talked.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Past		!Past
	\|Past action that has completed		\|Past action that has completed
	''He talked. He worked for this company for 30 years.''		''He talked. He worked for this company for 30 years.''
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	''I had talked. He gave blankets he had made to charity.''		''I had talked. He gave blankets he had made to charity.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Future		!Future
	\|A future action that has yet to happen.		\|A future action that has yet to happen.
	''I will talk.''		''I will talk.''
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
	!(Simple) Progressive		! style="width:45%" \|(Simple) Progressive
	!Perfect Progressive		! style="width:45%" \|Perfect Progressive
	\|-		\|-
	\|Present		!Present
	\|A current action that is underway.		\|A current action that is underway.
	''I am talking.''		''I am talking.''
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	''I have been talking.''		''I have been talking.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Past		!Past
	\|Past action that was underway.		\|Past action that was underway.
	''He was talking.''		''He was talking.''
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	''I had been talking.''		''I had been talking.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Future		!Future
	\|A future action that is underway.		\|A future action that is underway.
	''I will be talking.''		''I will be talking.''
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
	!Progressive		! style="width:45%" \|Progressive
	!Continuous		! style="width:45%" \|Continuous
	\|-		\|-
	\|Present		!Present
	\|Often implies a process, or something in progress.		\|Often implies a process, or something in progress.
	''I am putting on clothes.''		''I am putting on clothes.''
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	''You are going to dinner this evening.''		''You are going to dinner this evening.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Past		!Past
	\|action from a specific time in the past that is continuing, or that something took place while something else was happening, or something did not complete, or criticize something that happens periodically.		\|action from a specific time in the past that is continuing, or that something took place while something else was happening, or something did not complete, or criticize something that happens periodically.
	''She was rewriting the report all day yesterday''		''She was rewriting the report all day yesterday''
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	''I was going to complete the report but I decided to leave.''		''I was going to complete the report but I decided to leave.''
	\|-		\|-
	\|Future		!Future
	\|shows action will be in progress at some time in the future		\|shows action will be in progress at some time in the future
	At 9AM tomorrow, I '''will be attending''' a meeting		At 9AM tomorrow, I '''will be attending''' a meeting
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	In general, most grammar books will not distinguish progressive and continuous tenses.		In general, most grammar books will not distinguish progressive and continuous tenses.

	~~<br />~~

	==Conjunctions==		==Conjunctions==

Leo: /* Tense */ cleanup and reword so I can understand what I originally wrote

2020-11-16T01:01:09Z

Tense: cleanup and reword so I can understand what I originally wrote

Show changes

Leo: /* Errors */

2020-06-25T15:37:49Z

Errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:37, 25 June 2020
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	=== Misused Words ===		=== Misused Words ===
	Irony: The result of something that you did or some situation which was the opposite result of what was intended.		Irony: The result of something that you did or some situation which was the opposite result of what was intended.

			=== Similar Words ===
			Piriah - an outcast
			Piranha - the fish

	=== Misfit Grammar ===		=== Misfit Grammar ===

Leo: /* Tense */ lol

2020-05-15T20:15:06Z

Tense: lol

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, 15 May 2020
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	\| Present perfect		\| Present perfect
	\| past action that extends to the present, or result is ongoing. Present perfect uses a past participle, a helper 'have' or 'has' with the main verb.		\| past action that extends to the present, or result is ongoing. Present perfect uses a past participle, a helper 'have' or 'has' with the main verb.
	\| he ~~have~~ talked		\| he has talked

	He has worked for this company for 30 years.		He has worked for this company for 30 years.
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	Irregular verbs are those that do not conjugate normally. Examples are ring/rang, think/thought.		Irregular verbs are those that do not conjugate normally. Examples are ring/rang, think/thought.


	== Conjunctions ==		== Conjunctions ==

Leo: /* Prepositions */

2020-04-09T02:08:12Z

Prepositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:08, 9 April 2020
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	== Prepositions ==		== Prepositions ==
	A preposition is used to indicate either:		A preposition is used to indicate either:
	* A '''location. Eg. ''in'', ''near'', ''beside'', ''on top of''		* A '''location'''. Eg. ''in'', ''near'', ''beside'', ''on top of''
	* or a '''relationship''' between the subject a noun or pronoun (subject) and other parts of the sentence. Eg. ''about'', ''after'', ''besides'', ''instead of'', ''in accordance with''.		* or a '''relationship''' between the subject a noun or pronoun (subject) and other parts of the sentence. Eg. ''about'', ''after'', ''besides'', ''instead of'', ''in accordance with''.

Leo: /* Punctuation */

2020-04-09T01:10:15Z

Punctuation

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:10, 9 April 2020
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	== Punctuation ==		== Punctuation ==
			A '''semicolon''' unites two highly related but independent sentences. The thoughts preceding and following the semicolon must each be grammatically complete sentences. Semicolons should be followed by a lower case letter. Eg:
			* ''I work in two buildings; the Smart building, and at Foothills campus.''
			* ''Fred called in sick; I hope he gets better soon.''
			* ''Run {{code\|reboot}} on the system; don't run this if others are logged in.''

	~~Semicolons provides a break in a sentence stronger than a comma but weaker than a period. It connects ideas that are closely related but a pause is required. It can be used when there are too many~~ commas in a ~~sentence and a super comma is required. Eg:~~		Avoid using semicolons for embedded lists; use commas as a separator unless list items also contains commas.
	* This is her first job, but she seems to have strong communication skills, to be self-motivated, and to like her co-workers.
	~~The~~ list ~~is separated by~~ commas~~. The first comma can be replaced with a semicolon to avoid confusion~~.

	Colon provides a pause before introducing related information. Common uses are:		Colon provides a pause before introducing related information. Common uses are:
	* Introduce a list. Do not use a colon after a verb or preposition.		* Introduce a list. Do not use a colon after a verb or preposition.
	* It can be used to show the previous idea will be further explained, clarified, or restated.		* It can be used to show the previous idea will be further explained, clarified, or restated.


	== Sentences ==		== Sentences ==

Leo: /* Adjectives and Adverbs */

2020-04-09T00:54:09Z

Adjectives and Adverbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:54, 9 April 2020
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	== Adjectives and Adverbs ==		== Adjectives and Adverbs ==

	An '''adjective''' describes a noun. An '''adverb''' modifies and adjective or another adverb. Eg: ''He ran really fast.'' (''ran'' = verb, ''really'' = adverb modifying fast, ''fast'' = adjective on run)		An '''adjective''' describes a noun. An '''adverb''' modifies and adjective or another adverb. Eg: ''He ran really fast.'' (''ran'' = verb, ''really'' = adverb modifying fast, ''fast'' = adjective on run)

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	An adverb clause always happens after a subordinating conjunction. Eg. ''The computer booted up so quick with the new SSD.''.		An adverb clause always happens after a subordinating conjunction. Eg. ''The computer booted up so quick with the new SSD.''.


	A '''conjunctive adverb''' (also known as '''adverbial conjunction''') is a type of adverb that joins together two independent clauses or complete sentences. It is used to transition and show the relationship between two clauses.		A '''conjunctive adverb''' (also known as '''adverbial conjunction''') is a type of adverb that joins together two independent clauses or complete sentences. It is used to transition and show the relationship between two clauses.
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	\|}		\|}

			Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs.
	Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs. ~~Eg:~~
	* ''Bad'' vs. ''badly''. Bad is an adjective, badly is the adverb.		* ''Bad'' vs. ''badly''. Bad is an adjective, badly is the adverb.
	* ''Good'' vs. ''Well''. Good is an adjective, well is an adverb.		* ''Good'' vs. ''Well''. Good is an adjective, well is an adverb.

	Some adjectives have different meanings depending on usage ~~too~~. Eg.		Some adjectives have different meanings depending on usage. Be mindful and use the appropriate adjective.
	* ''Little'' vs. ''a little''. ''Little'' refers to size. ''A little'' refers to something positive		* ''Little'' vs. ''a little''. ''Little'' refers to size. ''A little'' refers to something positive
	* ''Much'' vs. ''Many'': ''Much'' is used for singular or collective nouns. ''Many'' is used with plural nouns.		* ''Much'' vs. ''Many'': ''Much'' is used for singular or collective nouns. ''Many'' is used with plural nouns.


	== Prepositions ==		== Prepositions ==

Leo: adverbs

2020-04-09T00:51:53Z

adverbs

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:51, 9 April 2020
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	When using correlative conjunctions, the two items should be parallel. Eg. Either wait or call: 'We can either wait for Jon to arrive or call a cab.' Not 'Either wait or call: We can either wait for Jon to arrive or we can call a cab.'		When using correlative conjunctions, the two items should be parallel. Eg. Either wait or call: 'We can either wait for Jon to arrive or call a cab.' Not 'Either wait or call: We can either wait for Jon to arrive or we can call a cab.'

	~~=== conjunctive adverb (adverbial conjunction) ===~~
	~~use as a transition and shows relationships between clauses.~~

	~~ice cars~~
	* illustrate - example
	* cause & effect - therefore
	* emphasize - certainly
	* contrast - however
	* add to - furthermore
	* result - accordingly
	* sequence - finally


	== Pronouns ==		== Pronouns ==

	* demonstrative: those, these, this, that. Used as pronouns or as adjectives		* demonstrative: those, these, this, that. Used as pronouns or as adjectives
	* interrogative: which one		* interrogative: which one
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	== Adjectives and Adverbs ==		== Adjectives and Adverbs ==

	An adjective describes a noun. An adverb modifies and adjective~~. You can have adverbs modify other adverbs~~. Eg: He ran really fast. (ran = verb, really = adverb modifying fast, fast = adjective on run)		An '''adjective''' describes a noun. An '''adverb''' modifies and adjective or another adverb. Eg: ''He ran really fast.'' (''ran'' = verb, ''really'' = adverb modifying fast, ''fast'' = adjective on run)

			Adverbs typically end with ''-ly'' (Eg. ''slowly'', ''quickly''). Exceptions to this rule are typically flat adverbs such as ''soon'', ''fast'', ''now'', ''not'', ''deep'', ''short''. There are also other words ending in ''-ly'' that are both adjectives and adverbs (Eg. ''friendly'', ''lovely'').

	~~Adverbs typically end with~~ -ly. ~~Some adjectives end with ly but are not adverbs. (~~Eg. ~~lovely). Other adverbs don~~'~~t end with -ly (soon, fast, now, not)~~.		'''Flat adverbs''' have the same form as a related adjective. It is similar to a normal adverb without the ''-ly''. Eg. ''slowly'' in ''Drive slow''.

	~~Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs~~. Eg:		An adverb clause always happens after a subordinating conjunction. Eg. ''The computer booted up so quick with the new SSD.''.
	* Bad vs. ~~badly~~. ~~Bad~~ is ~~an adjective, badly is the~~ adverb.
	* Good vs. Well. Good is ~~an adjective, well is an adverb~~.
			A '''conjunctive adverb''' (also known as '''adverbial conjunction''') is a type of adverb that joins together two independent clauses or complete sentences. It is used to transition and show the relationship between two clauses.

	~~Some adjectives have different meanings depending on usage too. Eg.~~		{\| class="wikitable"
	* Little vs. a little. Little refers to ~~size. A little refers~~ to ~~something positive~~		! Desire
			! Conjunctive Adverb
			\|-
			\| to illustrate \|\| example
			\|-
			\| current time \|\| now, meanwhile, henceforth, elsewhere
			\|-
			\| show cause & effect \|\| therefore, hence, then
			\|-
			\| emphasize \|\| certainly
			\|-
			\| contrast \|\| however, in contrast, yet, conversely
			\|-
			\| add to \|\| furthermore , additionally, moreover
			\|-
			\| result of \|\| accordingly, incidentally, namely
			\|-
			\| sequence of events \|\| subsequently, finally, thus
			\|}

	~~Much vs. Many: Much is used for singular or collective nouns. Many is used with plural nouns.~~

	~~Flat~~ adverbs ~~may be~~ an adjective or adverb. ~~Identifying them depends on context. Examples of some are:~~		Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs. Eg:
	* ~~Early~~		* ''Bad'' vs. ''badly''. Bad is an adjective, badly is the adverb.
	* Hard		* ''Good'' vs. ''Well''. Good is an adjective, well is an adverb.
	* Fast
	* Deep
	* Short
	* Right

	~~Adverb clause always happens after~~ a ~~subordinating conjunction~~.		Some adjectives have different meanings depending on usage too. Eg.
			* ''Little'' vs. ''a little''. ''Little'' refers to size. ''A little'' refers to something positive
			* ''Much'' vs. ''Many'': ''Much'' is used for singular or collective nouns. ''Many'' is used with plural nouns.


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	== Sentences ==		== Sentences ==


	=== Voice ===		=== Voice ===
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	* Repetitive subjects "The engineers, they submitted the plan"		* Repetitive subjects "The engineers, they submitted the plan"
	* "Hopefully, ... " is [controversial https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_%28linguistics%29]. This is technically a disjunct (where an adverb starts a sentence). This usage has been accepted by oxford, but the proper use should be "I am hopeful..." or "I hope..."		* "Hopefully, ... " is [controversial https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_%28linguistics%29]. This is technically a disjunct (where an adverb starts a sentence). This usage has been accepted by oxford, but the proper use should be "I am hopeful..." or "I hope..."

			== See Also ==
			Additional resources
			* https://developers.google.com/tech-writing/one